Locating the Malfosse                        

 

We will return to Wace’s shield charge ditch (Statement 12) at the end because it is different from the rest. The other ten Statements and the Tapestry either refer to the English flight or to the English camp. The English could not have fled through the Normans lines, and they did not camp on the Norman side of the battlefield, so they refer to ditches that were located behind the shield wall, opposite to the direction of the Norman advance.

The Malfosse was a Roman iron ore mine

The first six Statements above are from translations of Latin manuscripts. Two of the original Latin passages refer to their ditch as a ‘fossa’ which usually means it is manmade – see note on dry ditches in next paragraph for some exceptions; one is referred to as a ‘precipitium’, meaning a chasm; another as a ‘fovea’, meaning a hollowed-out pit; one as a ‘voraginem’, meaning a chasm; the Chronicle of Battle Abbey refers the Malfosse as a ‘hiatus’ then as a ‘baratrum’, the former meaning a natural cleft in the earth, the latter meaning a deep precipitous pit. So, all these accounts say or imply that the fatal flight ditches are not fluvial.

There are other reasons to think that the fatal flight ditches are not fluvial. Firstly, none of them are referred to as a ‘vallis’, the normal Latin word for a fluvial valley. Secondly, fluvial valleys are almost always too soft and insufficiently steep to cause serious harm. Small dry ditches and small trench-like streams are sometimes referred to as ‘fossa’, but they are also fluvial and lack menace. Thirdly, Poitiers and Orderic refer to the English fleeing through what Chibnall, Van Hout and others translate as a “labyrinth of ditches”. It is a quirky translation. The original Latin term is ‘frequentium’ meaning ‘frequent, numerous, or closely packed’. We translate the phrase to mean ‘cluster of ditches’, but it makes little difference here: rivers and streams never form clusters or labyrinths of valleys.

Non-fluvial ditches might have a geological origin. One of the terms used by the Chronicle of Battle Abbey to describe the Malfosse – hiatus – implies as much, although it might just be trying to say that the ditch was not fluvial. There are geological faults, unconformities, and discontinuities in the theatre of war. Indeed, the Brede valley is thought to lie in a major geological fault. Faults, unconformities, and discontinuities can create precipitous escarpments or deep ravines. However, the geology in the theatre of war belongs to the Ashdown Formation, composed of mudstones, siltstones, sandstones, and clays that seldom form localised steep escarpments or deep ravines. No such features exist in the landscape today, and given their erosional nature, these formations tend to deepen over time rather than fill. A geological origin therefore seems unlikely.

If the Malfosse was non-fluvial and was not created by geological forces, it must have been dug by hand. The English were in the theatre of war for no more than two days before the battle, barely long enough to dig one fatal ditch with the technologies available at the time, and several accounts say that the pits were concealed by vegetation. If they had been recently dug, they would have been surrounded by newly made spoil ramparts that had had less than one autumnal day to germinate new vegetation.

The only credible origin for ditches that are steep enough and deep enough to be fatal, as well as numerous enough to form a cluster or labyrinth, is mining. The Weald, which incorporates the theatre of war, was intensively mined for iron ore during the Roman occupation. It is surely the origin of the fatal flight ditches.

Iron ore mining would explain one more aspect of the contemporary account descriptions, namely that some of them say the fatal flight ditches were concealed by ramparts. Those ramparts would be the mine spoil, dumped around the rim of the excavations. Orderic says that the ramparts were already ‘ancient’ at the time of the battle and covered in ‘long grasses’, which is consistent with them having been Roman.

There might seem to be a flaw with all this. Running humans and trotting horses can stop almost instantly. Even if the fatal flight ditches were concealed by ramparts and vegetation, it seems implausible that more than a handful of horses and men would have toppled over the edge under their own momentum. This is presumably why Searle and Van Houts reckon that the Norman horses were galloping. But medieval Latin had no words for the different horse gaits. The Chronicle says they were ‘dissilirent’, ‘rushing’, Orderic says that they were ‘summopere currentes’, ‘moving at full speed’, which could mean ‘galloping’, but not here. Eleventh century war horses were sturdy ponies, bred for strength and endurance not speed. They were only chasing men on foot. They had no need to gallop, it would have been a waste of energy, and it is difficult to believe they could have been coaxed to do so after having carried an armoured rider for eleven hours. The Norman horses were moving no faster than a trot. They should have had plenty of time to stop when they saw those in front fall into a pit.

In our opinion, the fatalities were caused by masses of men and horses rushing up and over ramparts around the rims of the fatal flight ditches, not realising that the downslope on the other side was already full, thereby inadvertently shunting those at the front over the edge.

Filtering the pit cluster candidates

The theatre of war is peppered with at least 250 iron ore pits. Most of them are small, less than 10m across and bowl shaped, unlikely to inflict an injury worse than a sprained ankle. Our interest here is in the pits that might be fatal, meaning those that are big, deep and precipitous sided. There are some fifty of these in the theatre of war. We will use two more clues to narrow down the candidates.

One key identification clue, mentioned by Poitiers and Orderic in Statements 5 and 6 above, is that the Malfosse was among a cluster of pits. There are only seven clusters of deep iron ore pits in the theatre of war, namely North Sedlescombe (S on Figure 2), Whatlington (W), Beauport Park (BP), Cottage Lane (CL), Pett (P), Guestling Thorn (G) and Forge Stream (F). Readers can verify this for themselves by checking a LiDAR map. The NLS LiDAR map is linked below.1F We published our LiDAR map of the theatre of war at the link below.2F More than a thousand people have searched it for other clusters of iron ore pits. None have been found.

Some of these clusters can be discounted using a second key identification clue in the Chronicle of Battle Abbey’s statement that the Malfosse was adjacent to the battlefield and on the route that the English fled.

For anyone with only a passing interest in the battle, this is an opportune time to introduce the other battlefield candidates. We were not the first to realise that the orthodox Battle Abbey battlefield (A on Figure 2) has no reliable supporting evidence while having many contradictions to the contemporary account battlefield descriptions. As long ago and the 1990s, Nick Austin proposed that the battle was fought on Telham Hill (T), aka Crowhurst, then John Grehan and Martin Mace proposed Caldbec Hill (CP). Nor were we the last. Over recent years, Rebecca Welshman and Simon Coleman proposed Old Heathfield five miles off the Figure 2 map, then David Barmby proposed Crowhurst Park (C), aka Blackhorse Hill.

All six of the battlefield candidates are contingent upon the Normans attacking from the south. The English would have been trying to flee north, albeit perhaps circuitously, to the safety of the Andredsweald and Rochester Roman road.  Most of them would have fled into the nearest woodland where the Norman horses, lances and archers would be less potent, before making their way north.

These criteria are inconsistent with the clusters of pits at Pett, Guestling Thorn, Forge Stream and Cottage Lane because: 1) They are not north of a battlefield candidate; 2) They are on the northern bank of a river across which the English could not have fled.

In principle, the English might have fled towards Whatlington from the orthodox Battle Abbey battlefield or from Caldbec Hill because it was at the only ford over the River Line on the way to Cripps Corner and the Rochester Roman road. But the Whatlington pit cluster is 4km and 3km distant respectively from these battlefield candidates which is too far for them to have been ‘where the fighting was going on’, and the Normans could not have fallen into Whatlington’s iron ore pits anyway because they opened onto the Whatlington byway at Woodman’s Green. The English would not have retarded their escape by choosing to cross iron ore pits, so the chasing Normans would have had no reason to fall in.  

Beauport Park’s mine cluster is at the end of a branch off the Rochester Roman road. If the battle had been fought at Telham Hill or Crowhurst Park, the English would have fled in that direction and the Normans might have fallen in, but it seems implausible that they did. For one thing, at 1200m those pits are also too far from ‘where the fighting was going on’ which makes them inconsistent with the Chronicle of Battle Abbey. For another, Austin and Barmby’s theories are both predicated on the Hastings Ridge being covered in impenetrable woodland that forced the Normans to attack from the most disadvantageous direction. But if the Hastings Ridge was covered in impenetrable woodland, the English would not have been able flee through it to get to Beauport Park.

For anyone interested in the detail, we discuss the merits of orthodox Battle Abbey battlefield in Part 2 of our book, and of the alternative battlefield location theories in our blog linked below.3F

The Malfosse in north Sedlescombe

By a process of elimination, the only cluster of deep precipitous-sided iron ore pits that are adjacent to a battlefield candidate is those in north Sedlescombe. It has six pits that are big enough, deep enough and precipitous enough (at the time) to have been fatal. The challenge is to identify which Statement applies to which pit.

Before explaining our reasoning, we need to summarise the main events, which are depicted on Figure 4. The brown line outlines the English camp. It was entirely in woodland, with Churchlands Wood to the east, Killingan Wood in the middle, Bartletts Wood to the west . On the morning of the battle, the English moved from their camp to the battlefield, where they established a heart shaped shield wall shown by the magenta line. The Normans attacked in three divisions from the south-southeast, shown by cyan arrows. The magenta dots depict the route the main routes the English would have fled to get to the Rochester Roman road, shown as a black line. The white dots show possible routes that the English might have also used. We will return to them below. Please refer to our book if you are interested in more about the camps, Norman advance or the battle.

The first three statements are linked. They all say or imply that the Normans fell into a pit under their own impetus. The next three are linked too. They all say or imply that the English made a stand at one of the pits, some say or imply that they pushed the Normans into a pit. The other Statements will be addressed individually.

Statements 1, 2 and 3 – The Malfosse ditch

The Chronicle of Battle Abbey - “Lamentably, just where the fighting was going on, and stretching for a considerable distance, an immense ditch yawned. It may have been a natural cleft [hiatus] in the earth, or perhaps it had been hollowed out by storms ...” and “… this waste ground was overgrown with brambles and thistles, and could scarcely be seen in time; and it engulfed great numbers, especially of Normans in pursuit of the English. For, when, all unknowing, they came galloping on, their terrific impetus carried them headlong down into it, and they died tragically, pounded to pieces. This deep pit has been named for the accident, and today it is called Malfosse.”

Orderic Vitalis - “For by chance long grasses concealed an ancient rampart, and as the Normans came galloping up they fell, one on top of the other, in a struggling mass of horses and arms …” and “… [God] plunged the fierce Normans into the abyss of destruction”.

Henry of Huntingdon - “… the pursuing Normans fell into a great pit that had been deceitfully concealed. A large number of them fell down and were crushed.”

These three statements refer to the Hurst Lane pit. It was ‘where the fighting was going on’, it is ‘stretching out for a considerable distance’, ‘immense’, ‘deep’, ‘hollowed out’, and ‘pit-like’, all exactly as described by the Chronicle of Battle Abbey. It was not created by storm action, but that would be a logical suggestion from someone that was unfamiliar with geomorphology and Roman iron ore mining.

These statements are almost invariably interpreted to be saying that the Normans rode into the pit because they could not stop in time. We think this is wrong because, as we explain above, medieval war horses seldom moved faster than a trot. We also explain above that all the north Sedlescombe pits would have been surrounded by a spoil rampart, and Orderic specifically say that it is the overgrown rampart that concealed the pit from sight. Our interpretation is that the Normans advanced up and over the rampart, then stopped when they saw the precipitous drop. However, those coming up behind could not see that the downslope on the other side was already full, and it is their impetus that took them over the crest of the rampart, thereby inadvertently shoving those at the front over the edge and down into the abyss.

Statements 4, 5 and 6 – the broken rampart ditch

Poitiers - “However confidence returned to the fugitives when they found a good chance to renew battle, thanks to a broken rampart and labyrinth of ditches …” and “… In that encounter some of the noblest Normans fell, for their valour was of no avail on such unfavourable ground”.

Orderic Vitalis - “Seeing that they could be sheltered by the broken rampart and labyrinth of ditches, they re-formed their ranks and unexpectedly made a stand, inflicting heavy slaughter among the Normans.”

Malmesbury  - “Again, making their way around a precipitous ditch by a shortcut known only to themselves, they [the English] trampled down so many of their foes that they filled it level to the brim with a pile of bodies.”

At any normal place, these three statements would make no sense, but they perfectly match the pits in north Sedlescombe. We explain above that the pits would have been surrounded by ramparts made of overcover spoil. The gap between the Hurst Lane pit and the Killingan Wood pit is roughly 75m. The implication from the statements above is that the gap was filled with a rampart of mining spoil, other than a narrow passageway that was presumably used by miners to get from the south of the pits to their north. This passageway would be the break in the rampart to which Poitiers and Orderic refer. It would also be the shortcut known only to the English to which Malmesbury refers. It is depicted as a broken green line on Figure 4.

Our interpretation of these statements is that the English made a shield wall north of the rampart in an arc between the Hurst Lane and Killingan Wood pits. The Normans chased the English through the break, emerging into a confined area between the rampart and shield wall. It sounds like the English shield charged, the Normans could not get back through the break because more Normans were still coming through, so they got forced sideways into the corners of the pits. Even though the corners were deep, they were narrow. A few dozen men might have filled them to the brim. In these circumstances, it seems likely that many Normans were trampled to death, not by the English but by Normans running over each other.

Statement 7 – Bayeux Tapestry scene 58

Scene 58 shows the English fleeing in two tiers. This would be so at the Killingan Wood pit, where they would be fleeing along the rim and across the bottom of the pit. The artist’s view is looking north from the red arrow on Figure 4.

Statement 8 – Wace’s protective ditch

“The English stood in close ranks, ready and eager for the fight; and they had moreover made a fosse, which went across the field, guarding one side of their army.”

Wace’s protective ditch is generally assumed to have been in front of the shield wall, on the downslope between the armies. However, Wace goes on to say that a barricade performs this function, and that it is so effective that any Normans that crossed the barricade were immediately slaughtered. There was clearly no need for a ditch as well as the barricade and none of the other accounts refer to a protective ditch between the armies. Wace says that the protective ditch crossed the battlefield, so it was not on the flanks either. By a process of elimination, it must have crossed the battlefield behind the English line, protecting the English rear.

Wace says that the English made the protective ditch. It seems unlikely. The Normans attacked uphill from one direction. The English were only at the theatre of war for one day. It is implausible that the English could have dug ditch across the battlefield in one day that was so wide and deep that the Normans did not even try a downhill attack on the English rear.  

Thus, Wace is referring to the Hurst Lane iron ore pit, which crossed the entire battlefield protecting the English rear. It was 5m deep on its southern side, and almost vertical sided. The Normans would have no chance of assaulting the English rear across the pit.

Statement 9 – Carmen’s forest ditch

 “Suddenly the forest spewed out its cohorts; and columns of men stormed out of their hiding-places in the woods. Near the forest was a hill and a valley and land too rough to be tilled. The English, as was their custom, advanced in mass formation and seized this position on which to fight.”

Carmen describes the Norman view of the English entering the battlefield. The Normans attacked from the south, so the English entered the battlefield from the north. The English camp was on Great Sanders ridge, outlined in brown on Figure 4, as we explain in our book. It was covered in ‘Herste’ manor and Old English ‘herste’ means ‘wooded hill’. The Normans would therefore see the English emerge from woodland, as Carmen says.

The interest here is that Carmen says that there was a hill and a valley near the forest, and that the English occupy the hill. It is an odd turn of phrase, because there is a valley adjacent to every hill, and the Normans would not have been able to see the English emerge from the forest and occupy the hill if there was a normal fluvial valley between. However, if the battlefield was at Hurst Lane, the Hurst Lane pit was between the English camp and the battlefield hill, and it is a valley of sorts. That would be a perfectly viable interpretation of Carmen’s words, but we think it was being more specific. The original Latin uses the word ‘vallis’, which usually refers to a fluvial valley, but according to the Oxford Latin Dictionary, it often means ‘pit’ in Latin poems. Carmen is a Latin poem. We think it is saying that there was a pit between the forest and the battlefield hill, entirely consistent with Hurst Lane.

Statement 10 – Wace’s fallback ditch

“The English fell back upon a rising ground, and the Normans followed them across the valley, attacking them on foot and horseback.”

This statement is inconsistent will any battlefield candidate bar Hurst Lane. A hill that could accommodate a battle with at least twelve thousand men is a substantial feature. The rising ground beyond a valley on the flight route would be far away: 500m away at Battle Abbey, 1000m at Telham Hill, 1500m at Caldbec Hill, or 1500m at Blackhorse Hill. It is implausible that the Norman cavalry would have allowed the English to fall back over 500m of open downslope to occupy the rising ground beyond. Instead, they would have looped around to catch the English in the valley bottom where the enemy would have been most disadvantaged.

There is no inconsistency at Hurst Lane. The north rim of the Hurst Lane iron ore pit is 15m below the summit of the Great Sanders ridge. Wace was trying to say that the English fell back to the higher ground on the northern side of the Hurst Lane pit and the Norman followed them across. It is true that Wace uses the Norman French word ‘val’, which usually means a fluvial valley whereas the Hurst Lane pit is non-fluvial, but he did not visit the site, he was writing 120 years after the event, and he had no reason to know that the theatre of war was a mining district. One of his sources was first hand reports made to his father. Wace Jnr probably reported something told to his father without realising that it might be ambiguous.

Statement 11 – Wace’s camp ditch

“[Harold] surrounded it [the English camp] by a good fosse, leaving an entrance on each of three sides, which were ordered to be all well-guarded”.

Wace implies that the English dug a ‘good’ defensive ditch around their camp. It is implausible. A comfortable camp for 6000 fighting men and followers would need to be at least 15 hectares. The circumference would be at least 1km and Carmen says that the English camp was in woodland. The English were only at their camp for a day. There is no possibility that they dug a 1km long ditch through tree roots that would be wide enough or deep enough to provide useful protection.

A modern spade with four times the surface area of its medieval ancestor can excavate roughly 0.25m³ of earth per hour. If the English had five hundred spades and buckets, and the topsoil was deep and soft, and they worked constantly for 48 hours, all of which seems as optimistic as possible, they might have been able to excavate 1500m³ of soil. A ‘good fosse’, to use Wace’s term, would have needed to be wider than the length of a spear, say 3m, and perhaps 1.5m deep. Optimistically, they might have been able to dig a good fosse 350m long, not bad but nowhere near long enough to protect the entire camp.

However, if the English camped on the Great Sanders ridge, as we propose, the five iron ore pits numbered on Figure 37 would have done much of the work for them. The steep broken ground (B) between 3 and 4 would need little fortification. Perhaps the English dug a 100m ditch between 2 and 3 to complete the southern defence. For the rest, they just needed to defend the streams draining to the northwest and northeast. This would also make sense of Wace’s claim that the camp had three well-guarded entrances. The Roman road would have been one entrance. the hidden passageway through the broken rampart would be the second. If there was a causeway across the Hurst Lane pit, that would be third. If not, it would have been around the eastern side of the Hurst Lane pit.

Statement 12 – Wace’s shield charge ditch

“In the plain was a fosse which the Normans had now behind them, having passed it in the fight without regarding it ...”, then: “… but the English charged and drove the Normans before them, till they made them fall back upon this fosse. Many were seen falling therein.”

Wace says that the Normans advanced past the shield charge ditch without noticing it. They could not have advanced over a potentially fatal ditch without noticing it. It was therefore lateral, to one side of the battlefield and within shield charge range. The battlefield was on a hill. John of Worcester says that the English were ‘drawn up in a narrow place’, meaning that it was flanked by natural protection. Considering the geography of a hill, this protection was probably provided by streams flowing down the battlefield hill. One of these streams would be the shield charge ditch.

As we mention above, Wace’s shield charge ditch is different from the others, a fluvial ditch whereas the others are open cast mines. The contemporary accounts are saying that it was to one side of the battlefield and parallel to it. They do not give any clues about whether it was to the east or west of the battlefield, but the western boundary stream at Hurst Lane is known as ‘Devil’s Brook’, probably in remembrance of those that died therein. We marked its probable position with a red X on Figure 4.

Summary

All the contemporary account references to ditches at the battlefield are consistent with pits and one ditch at Hurst Lane. The best known of the battlefield ditches is the Malfosse. It referred to the huge iron ore pits that straddles Hurst Lane. The references to a ‘cluster or labyrinth of ditches’ refer to the five large deep iron ore pits in Churchlands Wood, Killingan Wood, Bartletts Wood and Combe Wood. Tapestry scene 58 depicts the Killingan Wood pit. Wace’s shield charge ditch referred to Devil’s Brook, the stream that bounds the battlefield to the west.